Childhood Obesity: A Systematic Review of Anatomical and Physiological Perspectives with the Role of Diet, Sleep, Physical Activity, and Lifestyle Interventions

Childhood obesity is a growing global health concern characterized by complex interactions among behavioral, biological, and environmental determinants. Although excess caloric intake has traditionally been considered the primary cause, recent evidence highlights the importance of sleep patterns, dietary habits, sedentary behavior, and environmental influences such as family and school settings.

This systematic review integrates findings from observational studies, randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews, and policy documents to provide a comprehensive understanding of childhood obesity. Evidence indicates that circadian disruption and inadequate sleep contribute to hormonal imbalance, including altered leptin and ghrelin levels, which promote increased appetite and energy intake. Dietary patterns rich in energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods further exacerbate adiposity through metabolic and inflammatory pathways. Conversely, regular physical activity improves energy balance, enhances insulin sensitivity, and supports metabolic health, while prolonged sedentary behavior independently contributes to obesity risk.

Multicomponent interventions incorporating dietary modification, physical activity, behavioral strategies, and parental involvement demonstrate beneficial effects on body mass index and metabolic outcomes. However, long-term sustainability remains a challenge due to issues related to adherence, sociocultural diversity, and policy implementation.

In summary, childhood obesity arises from interconnected anatomical and physiological alterations influenced by modifiable lifestyle factors. Comprehensive and multidisciplinary approaches targeting diet, sleep, and physical activity are essential for effective prevention and long-term management.