Review on Non-Governmental Organizations, Peace Building, and Relevant Theories

Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) play an important role in promoting peace, resolving conflicts, and supporting sustainable development in conflict-affected communities. This study reviews the role of NGOs in peacebuilding, with particular emphasis on Jos Metropolis, Nigeria, where recurrent ethno-religious conflicts have contributed to violence, displacement, and social fragmentation. The study examines the major peacebuilding initiatives implemented by NGOs, their effectiveness, the challenges limiting their interventions, and strategies for improving their contribution to sustainable peace. The reviewed literature indicates that NGOs employ diverse approaches, including dialogue and mediation, conflict prevention, reconciliation, community engagement, advocacy, capacity building, trauma healing, youth empowerment, women’s participation, and early-warning mechanisms. Organizations such as Justice, Development and Peace Commission (JDPC), Search for Common Ground, the Jos Stakeholders Centre for Peace, and other civil society organizations have contributed to strengthening community relationships and promoting peaceful coexistence. However, their effectiveness is constrained by inadequate funding, limited coordination, political influences, short-term interventions, and insufficient local ownership. The study highlights the importance of inclusive participation, community ownership, context-sensitive programming, stronger collaboration among stakeholders, and long-term interventions. It concludes that NGOs remain critical actors in transforming conflict and promoting sustainable peace in Jos Metropolis.