Public Knowledge, Attitudes, and Perceptions of Meningitis and Vaccination in Southeastern Nigeria: A Review of Epidemiological Evidence

Meningitis remains an important public health concern in Nigeria, with recurrent outbreaks contributing to substantial morbidity, mortality, and socioeconomic burden. Vaccination is one of the most effective strategies for preventing meningitis and controlling outbreaks; however, its success depends largely on public knowledge, attitudes, perceptions, and acceptance. This review examines existing epidemiological evidence on public knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions of meningitis and meningitis vaccination in Southeastern Nigeria. Relevant literature was reviewed to assess community awareness of meningitis causes, symptoms, modes of transmission, prevention, and vaccination, as well as factors influencing vaccine acceptance and utilization. Available evidence indicates that although awareness of meningitis exists among many populations, important knowledge gaps persist regarding transmission, risk factors, early symptoms, and the protective benefits of vaccination. Attitudes and perceptions are influenced by educational level, access to reliable health information, previous vaccination experiences, socioeconomic conditions, cultural beliefs, and trust in healthcare institutions. Concerns about vaccine safety, misinformation, accessibility, and perceived susceptibility to meningitis may also contribute to vaccine hesitancy. The review highlights the need for sustained community-based health education, improved risk communication, accessible vaccination services, and collaboration between healthcare providers, government agencies, and community leaders. Strengthening public understanding and confidence in meningitis vaccination is essential for improving vaccine uptake and reducing the burden of meningitis in Southeastern Nigeria.