Alzheimer’s Disease: Clinical Manifestations, Diagnostic Approaches and Therapeutic Interventions

Alzheimer's disease is the most prevalent cause of dementia and a progressive neurological illness. Memory, cognitive abilities, and the capacity to do basic everyday tasks are gradually destroyed by it. Today, dementia affects about 25 million individuals worldwide, with Alzheimer's disease accounting for the majority of cases. Mild, moderate, and severe are the three stages of the illness. Additionally, the symptoms differ depending on the stage. Vascular disease, Down syndrome, age, and family history are some of the reasons of this illness. Intracellular neurofibrillary tangles and extracellular amyloid plaques are the main causes. CT, MRI, and cognitive tests can be used to make a diagnosis. Partial glutamate antagonists and cholinesterase inhibitors are employed in the therapy. By engaging in certain hobbies like reading, writing, and learning foreign languages, it can be avoided. Over the past few decades, numerous drug candidates have been evaluated; however, a large proportion have failed in clinical trials, reflecting the complexity of the disease. Recent research efforts have focused on the discovery of novel biomarkers, improved cognitive and behavioural science assessment tools, early-stage patient inclusion, and innovative clinical trial methodologies to enhance the effectiveness of future therapeutic interventions. In the context of precision medicine, the integration of abnormal biomarkers with distinct brain- behaviour relationships and neuroimaging patterns may help in identifying individualized treatment strategies for patients within a personalized therapeutic approach. This concept suggests that, soon, different targeted therapies could be tailored for each patient based on their specific disease profile. This review highlights potential personalized treatment frameworks that may benefit individuals with Alzheimer’s disease, along with various therapies aimed at disease progression that are currently being explored.