The Provision of Conjugal Visit Rights to Inmates in Correctional Facilities

The regulation of conjugal visit rights for inmates in the Indonesian correctional system aims to achieve the goals of rehabilitation and social reintegration. Normatively, inmates should be treated as legal subjects whose basic rights remain protected by the state based on a humanist correctional paradigm, as mandated by Article 28B of the 1945 Constitution (UUD 1945), Law No. 39 of 1999 concerning Human Rights (HAM Law), Law No. 22 of 2022 concerning Corrections (Corrections Law), and the international standard Nelson Mandela Rules, which emphasizes the fulfillment of physiological needs and the protection of human dignity. However, in the reality of law enforcement, conjugal visit rights have not been explicitly and technically regulated in positive regulations, resulting in a legal vacuum that has triggered various systemic problems such as psychological stress, sexual orientation deviations within prisons, and threats to the resilience of inmates' families. This study aims to examine the biological rights of inmates in correctional institutions and the regulation of biological visitation rights for inmates in correctional institutions within criminal law policy.