Personal Income Tax Law on Digital Assets: International Experiences and Recommendations for Vietnamese Law

In recent years, the rapid advancement of core technologies such as Blockchain, Artificial Intelligence (AI), Big Data, the Internet of Things (IoT), and Cloud Computing has driven the emergence and expansion of digital assets. These assets have become an integral part of the global digital economy, generating substantial income and fundamentally transforming traditional methods of investment, exchange, and wealth accumulation. The growing income derived from digital asset transactions has created an urgent need to establish an appropriate personal income tax framework to ensure fairness and efficiency in managing state budget revenues. In Vietnam, the 2025 Law on the Digital Technology Industry officially recognizes digital assets as a type of property under civil law, providing an important legal foundation for their regulation. Building on this, the Personal Income Tax Law 2025 introduced significant amendments to govern income arising from the business, investment, and transfer of digital assets, gradually addressing previous legal gaps. Nevertheless, several issues remain to be refined, particularly regarding the determination of the tax base, methods for calculating taxable income, and the management of cross-border transactions. Based on a comparative analysis of the international experiences of the United States, Singapore, and France, this article proposes recommendations to further improve Vietnam’s personal income tax law in the current context.