Effectiveness and Implementation Gaps in Safety, Health and Environmental Management Practices: Evidence from Kwacha Milling, Zambia

This study assessed the effectiveness of Safety, Health and Environmental (SHE) management practices at Kwacha Milling Industry in Chipata District, Zambia, with a focus on identifying implementation gaps that may undermine workplace safety. A mixed-methods cross-sectional design was employed, involving 200 employees selected through stratified random sampling. Quantitative data were collected using structured questionnaires and analyzed through descriptive statistics, while qualitative insights were obtained from semi-structured interviews and examined using thematic analysis. The findings revealed that the company has adopted key SHE measures, including the provision of personal protective equipment (PPE), risk assessment, safety training, inspection, and monitoring. PPE, risk assessments, and training were rated as effective by the majority of respondents, demonstrating their contribution to reducing workplace hazards. Conversely, inspection and monitoring were perceived as less effective, mainly due to inconsistent follow-up, limited supervisory oversight, and resource constraints. Major challenges affecting SHE compliance included inadequate resources (42%), communication barriers (27%), delayed approval of standard operating procedures (17%), and shortages of skilled personnel (15%). Despite these constraints, the implemented SHE measures resulted in improved hazard reporting, better working conditions, and enhanced legal compliance. The study concludes that while SHE systems at Kwacha Milling show progress, significant gaps persist in monitoring, communication, and resource allocation. Strengthening supervision, improving feedback mechanisms, and investing in adequate resources are recommended to enhance occupational safety performance and promote a sustainable safety culture within the organization.