Examining the Effectiveness of Occupational Health and Safety Practices in Workplaces: A Case Study of Kansanshi Mine

Despite comprehensive legal frameworks such as the Mines and Minerals Development Act No. 11 of 2015 and the Occupational Health and Safety Act No. 36 of 2010, workplace accidents and health risks remain a challenge in Zambia’s mining sector. Kansanshi Mine, one of the largest copper operations, continues to face occupational hazards that question the consistency and effectiveness of its safety practices. This study examined the implementation of occupational health and safety (OHS) practices at Kansanshi Mine and their contribution to worker safety and organizational performance. A mixed-methods case study design was adopted, combining structured questionnaires and in-depth interviews. Data were collected from 70 workers and supervisors and 30 safety officers, managers, and experienced employees. Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS and qualitative responses through thematic analysis. Findings revealed that OHS practices are generally established but unevenly implemented. The results show that 20 (20%) of the respondents indicated the presence of a Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) policy, 10 (10%) identified an emergency response and evacuation policy, 50 (50%) reported the incident/accident reporting and investigation policy, and 20 (20%) mentioned the environmental and waste management policy. These findings reveal that the incident/accident reporting and investigation policy is the most widely recognized, accounting for half of the responses. The study concludes that Kansanshi Mine has developed a moderately strong OHS framework that positively contributes to employee safety, productivity, and overall organizational performance. Demographic analysis revealed a workforce largely composed of young and middle-aged employees, with male dominance in managerial and technical safety roles. Educational levels varied by role: general workers mainly held secondary education, supervisors possessed post-secondary qualifications, and safety officers and managers were the most educated, with 40–66.7% holding degrees. It Recommends proposed strengthening of OHS practices and their impact on performance at Kansanshi Mine. Ensure timely and consistent distribution of high-quality PPE to all employees, including periodic replacement of worn-out equipment. Automated inventory management systems should be introduced to monitor PPE stock and anticipate shortages.