Global Migration and Security in the 21st Century: Examining the Intersections Between Irregular Migration, Transnational Crime, and International Terrorism

This article explores the complex interconnections between irregular migration, transnational crime, and international terrorism within the context of global migration and security challenges in the 21st century. Increasingly, irregular migration routes have become exploited by criminal networks and terrorist groups, thereby amplifying security risks for states and international communities. Weak border governance and fragile state capacities further exacerbate vulnerabilities, enabling illicit activities that undermine national and global security. Through a review of the literature and analysis of current trends, this research highlights how irregular migration functions as both a humanitarian concern and a security challenge. It also examines the criminal infrastructure supporting unauthorized cross-border movement and the strategic exploitation of migration paths by terrorist organizations. The paper concludes by offering strategic policy recommendations aimed at strengthening border governance, enhancing international cooperation, and fostering resilience to irregular migration-linked security threats. Addressing these intertwined challenges demands integrated, multi-sectoral responses that balance human rights with security imperatives.