Dermatophytic Infections

Dermatophytic infections, also known as tinea or ringworm, are superficial fungal infections caused by a group of keratinophilic fungi known as dermatophytes. These organisms, primarily from the genera Trichophyton, Microsporum, and Epidermophyton, invade and multiply within keratinized tissues including the skin, hair, and nails. Dermatophytosis is highly prevalent worldwide, with increased incidence in tropical and subtropical regions due to warm and humid climates, poor hygiene, and overcrowding. Transmission occurs through direct contact with infected individuals, animals, or contaminated fomites. Clinically, infections are classified based on the site of involvement, such as tinea corporis (body), tinea capitis (scalp), tinea pedis (foot), and tinea unguium (nails). Symptoms typically include erythematous, scaly, itchy patches that may become inflamed or vesicular in nature. Diagnosis relies on clinical examination and is confirmed by laboratory techniques including potassium hydroxide (KOH) microscopy, fungal culture, and molecular methods. Treatment involves topical antifungals for mild cases and systemic therapy for extensive, recurrent, or nail/scalp involvement. Emerging resistance to common antifungal agents, particularly terbinafine, is a growing concern, necessitating continuous monitoring and research into new therapeutic approaches. Public health strategies focusing on hygiene, education, and early treatment are vital for prevention and control. Dermatophytic infections, though not life-threatening, can significantly impact quality of life, emphasizing the need for effective management and awareness.