Functional Nanomaterials for Biomedical and Healthcare Applications in the Paediatric Population

Background: Functional nanomaterials (FNMs) have transformed biomedical applications by enabling precise diagnostics, targeted therapies, and advanced regenerative techniques. Their use in paediatrics, however, demands careful adaptation to account for unique developmental, physiological, and immunological characteristics in children.

Objective: To assess the current advancements, biomedical potential, and safety considerations of FNMs for paediatric healthcare, with a focus on overcoming translational barriers.

Methods: A comprehensive review of peer-reviewed studies from PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science (2015–2025) was conducted, prioritizing research on nanotechnology applications in paediatric diagnostics, drug delivery, imaging, and tissue engineering.

Results: FNMs, including liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, metallic nanoparticles, and carbon-based structures, demonstrate significant promise in managing paediatric cancers, infections, congenital disorders, and tissue regeneration. Notable examples include liposomal vincristine for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) and PLGA nanoparticles for cystic fibrosis gene therapy. Challenges such as immunogenicity, long-term toxicity, and regulatory hurdles limit clinical adoption.

Conclusion: FNMs offer transformative potential for paediatric healthcare but require tailored designs, rigorous toxicological profiling, and child-specific clinical trials to ensure safe translation. Ethical considerations and equitable access further underscore the need for multidisciplinary collaboration.