Review of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Plant-Based Treatment for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and impaired glucose metabolism, accounting for over 90% of all diabetes cases worldwide. The global prevalence of T2DM has been rising rapidly, driven largely by lifestyle factors such as poor diet, physical inactivity, and obesity. Conventional treatments primarily focus on pharmacological interventions to manage blood glucose levels and reduce the risk of complications. However, these medications often come with side effects and may not address the underlying causes of the disease. In recent years, increasing attention has been directed toward alternative and complementary therapies, particularly plant-based treatments, due to their potential to improve glycemic control and reduce dependence on synthetic drugs. This review explores the pathophysiology of T2DM, highlighting key mechanisms including insulin resistance, beta-cell dysfunction, and systemic inflammation. It also examines the therapeutic potential of various plant-derived compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, and polyphenols, which have demonstrated hypoglycemic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties in both preclinical and clinical studies. Notable examples include Gingerbread plum (Neocarya macropylla), bitter melon (Momordica charantia), and cinnamon (Cinnamomum spp.). The review further discusses the mechanisms by which these plant-based agents exert their effects, such as enhancing insulin sensitivity, promoting insulin secretion, and modulating glucose metabolism. Overall, while plant-based treatments offer promising complementary strategies for managing T2DM, further rigorous clinical trials are needed to validate their efficacy, safety, and long-term benefits in diverse populations. Integrating plant-based therapies with conventional care may provide a more holistic and sustainable approach to T2DM management.