Recent Developments of Biomarkers in Diagnosis of Genitourinary Cancer Using Liquid Biopsy

The high mortality and recurrence rates of genitourinary (GU) malignancies, which include bladder, prostate, renal, testicular, penile, and adrenal tumors, pose serious clinical problems. Foe better results, early detection is essential, yet conventional diagnostic techniques frequently have little sensitivity and are instructive. Non-invasive methods have become viable substitutes for the identification, tracking, and treatment of malignant tumors, especially urine liquid biopsies. Early bladder cancer (BC) diagnosis may be possible with urinary biomarkers such as cytokeratin’s, FGFR3, NMP22, BTA, and miRNAs (e.g., miR-126, miR-141-3p). While miRNAS and exosomal content provides information on the molecular mechanisms underlying the disease and its response to treatment, methylated DNA markers (such as DAPK and TERT) also aid in the diagnosis of BC. The predictive and diagnostic potential of urine biomarkers are being improved by developments in metabolomics, multi-omics, and epigenetic studies. Though problems like tumor heterogeneity, biomarker standardization, and false positives still exist, methods like electrochemical biosensors, real-time PCR, and quantitative methylation-specific PCR are increasing the biomarkers detection sensitivity and specificity. Exosome analysis combined with cutting-edge bio sensing technologies opens up new possibilities for customized medicine in the diagnosis and treatment of BC. Resolving these issues and improving clinical results for patients with GU cancer require ongoing innovation in biomarker research and diagnostic technologies.