Cardiotoxicity: A Narrative Review

Cardiotoxicity refers to the harmful effects of certain therapeutic agents or toxins on the heart, leading to impaired cardiac function or structural damage. This narrative review aims to provide an overview of the mechanisms, risk factors, clinical manifestations, and management strategies associated with cardiotoxicity. The pathophysiology of cardiotoxicity involves oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and disruption of cardiac signaling pathways. Risk factors include pre-existing cardiovascular disease, cumulative drug dose, age, and concurrent use of other cardiotoxic agents. Early detection through biomarkers (e.g., troponins, BNP) and imaging modalities (e.g., echocardiography, cardiac MRI) is critical in mitigating long-term cardiac damage. Preventive strategies include dose adjustments, cardioprotective agents like dexrazoxane, and lifestyle modifications. Despite advancements in cancer therapy, cardiotoxicity remains a major concern, underscoring the importance of a multidisciplinary approach involving oncologists, cardiologists, and primary care providers. Future research should aim at refining risk stratification tools and developing targeted therapies that minimize cardiac side effects without compromising anti-tumour efficacy. This review highlights the need for vigilant monitoring and individualized care to improve both cardiac outcomes.