A Review of Health Risk Assessment and Exposure Control Models for Hazardous Waste Management Operations in Africa

Hazardous waste management operations in Africa present significant challenges, including inadequate infrastructure, insufficient regulatory frameworks, and heightened exposure risks to workers and surrounding communities. This review examines health risk assessment and exposure control models applied to hazardous waste management in Africa, identifying key gaps and proposing strategies for improvement. The study focuses on methods used to assess occupational and environmental health risks associated with hazardous waste handling, transportation, treatment, and disposal. Existing models emphasize hazard identification, risk characterization, and exposure control measures such as engineering controls, administrative protocols, and the use of personal protective equipment (PPE). However, limitations include a lack of real-time monitoring systems, inadequate integration of risk management practices into waste management policies, and minimal use of advanced technologies like predictive analytics and remote sensing. This review highlights the critical role of multi-stakeholder collaboration, including policymakers, industry operators, and local communities, in ensuring effective implementation of risk assessment frameworks. Case studies from selected African countries demonstrate varying levels of success in mitigating risks. Countries with stronger enforcement of environmental regulations and better adoption of international best practices have reported reduced exposure incidents and improved health outcomes. Nonetheless, the disparity in regulatory compliance, funding, and technical expertise across the continent remains a significant barrier. This review recommends developing context-specific models that incorporate technological innovations, capacity building, and community engagement. It advocates for the establishment of regionally coordinated waste management policies and the adoption of data-driven approaches to enhance the accuracy of risk assessments and the effectiveness of exposure controls. The findings contribute to the ongoing discourse on sustainable hazardous waste management and provide actionable insights for policymakers and practitioners. By addressing existing gaps and leveraging innovative solutions, Africa can achieve safer hazardous waste management practices, protecting both human health and the environment.