The Dynamics of Soil Organic Carbon: Mechanisms, Influences, and Implications for Ecosystem

Soil organic carbon (SOC) is a crucial component of global carbon cycling and plays a significant role in soil fertility, ecosystem productivity, and climate regulation. The cycling of SOC involves complex biological, chemical, and physical processes that mediate carbon inputs and losses in soil systems. This paper reviews the mechanisms of SOC stabilization and decomposition, the influence of environmental and anthropogenic factors on SOC dynamics, and the implications for ecosystem functioning. We highlight recent advancements in understanding microbial contributions, mineral-organic interactions, and management practices that influence SOC persistence. The paper concludes with a discussion of research gaps and recommendations for sustainable land management strategies to enhance SOC sequestration.