A Conceptual Framework for Enhancing Public Health Equity Through Digital Infrastructure Investment in Low-Resource Area

Achieving public health equity in low-resource areas requires transformative strategies that address systemic disparities in access to healthcare services. Digital infrastructure investment has emerged as a critical enabler of equitable health outcomes, particularly in underserved communities where traditional health systems are fragmented or absent. This paper proposes a conceptual framework for enhancing public health equity through strategic investment in digital infrastructure. The framework integrates components of health informatics, broadband expansion, digital literacy, community engagement, and policy innovation to create an inclusive ecosystem for accessible healthcare delivery. The proposed framework consists of five core pillars: (1) equitable broadband access to support telehealth and data exchange; (2) development of interoperable health information systems; (3) digital capacity building for both healthcare providers and community members; (4) policy alignment and regulatory support to promote inclusive digital health systems; and (5) community-centered design and deployment of digital tools. These elements are interconnected and grounded in equity principles to ensure the digital transformation of public health systems does not exacerbate existing disparities. Through a systematic review of current initiatives across Africa, Southeast Asia, and Latin America, this study identifies best practices and common challenges in deploying digital infrastructure in low-resource settings. Key barriers include lack of political will, limited funding, digital illiteracy, and socio-cultural resistance. However, promising models demonstrate that when digital health strategies are contextually adapted and co-created with local stakeholders, they significantly improve access to primary care, disease surveillance, health education, and emergency response. The conceptual framework serves as a guide for policymakers, development agencies, and health organizations seeking to implement sustainable, inclusive digital health systems in low-resource areas. It underscores the importance of integrating technological advancement with community empowerment, governance reform, and sustainable financing mechanisms. By aligning digital infrastructure investment with public health equity goals, this approach can reduce disparities, improve outcomes, and build resilient health systems in marginalized regions.